This self-regulating valve operates by utilizing the pressure and temperature of the medium itself as the energy source, allowing it to function automatically without the need for an external power supply or secondary instruments. The valve uses a feedback signal—such as pressure, flow, or temperature—transmitted through a signal line to the actuator, which then adjusts the valve opening to regulate the desired process parameters. These valves are typically divided into two main types: direct-acting and indirect-acting. In a direct-acting valve, also known as a spring-loaded valve, the actuation is driven by elastic elements such as springs, bellows, or temperature-sensitive capsules. These components work based on the principle of balancing the elastic force with the feedback signal to control the valve position. An indirect-acting valve, on the other hand, includes an additional pilot valve that amplifies the feedback signal before it is sent to the main actuator. This amplified signal then controls the movement of the main valve disc, adjusting the opening accordingly. In the case of a pressure regulator, the feedback signal is the outlet pressure of the valve, which is transmitted via a signal line to the actuator. For a flow control valve, a restriction device such as an orifice is used at the outlet to generate a pressure difference across it, which is then fed back to the actuator. In a thermostatic valve, a temperature sensor or a thermal bag is placed at the outlet, and the thermal expansion or contraction of the medium inside the sensor drives the actuator to adjust the valve position. This makes the system highly responsive and suitable for applications where precise temperature control is required.

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