**I. Brief History and Trend of CNC System Development** The world's first electronic computer was introduced in 1946, marking a significant milestone in human history. It demonstrated the potential of tools to enhance and partially replace mental labor, transitioning from the physical tools used in agricultural and industrial societies. This innovation laid the foundation for entering the information age. Six years later, in 1952, computer technology was applied to machine tools, leading to the birth of the first CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine in the United States. This marked a qualitative leap in traditional machining, as CNC systems evolved through two major stages and six generations over the past half-century. **1.1. The NC Stage (1952–1970)** In the early days, computers had limited processing power, which made them unsuitable for real-time control of machine tools. To address this, engineers developed hardware-based numerical control systems using digital logic circuits. These were known as "hard-wired" NC systems. Over time, this stage saw three generations: vacuum tubes (1952), transistors (1959), and small-scale integrated circuits (1965). **1.2. The CNC Phase (1970–Present)** By 1970, the development of general-purpose small computers allowed their integration into CNC systems, marking the start of the Computer Numerical Control era. In 1971, Intel introduced the microprocessor, a revolutionary component that combined the calculator and controller on a single chip. This advancement enabled more efficient and cost-effective control systems. By 1974, microprocessors began to be used in CNC systems, offering greater reliability and flexibility compared to early minicomputers. As personal computers (PCs) advanced in performance by 1990, they became suitable for core CNC components, ushering in the PC-based CNC era. This stage also had three generations: small computers (1970s), microprocessors (1974), and PCs (1990s). Although many countries now use "CNC," China still refers to it as "NC." Thus, the term "CNC" commonly used today essentially means "Computer Numerical Control." **1.3. Future Trends of CNC Development** - **Open, PC-Based Systems:** Leveraging the low cost, high reliability, and rich resources of PCs, more manufacturers are adopting open architecture CNC systems. PCs handle user interfaces, programming, and networking, while the CNC system manages control tasks. - **High Speed and Precision:** As demand for faster and more accurate machining grows, CNC systems will continue to evolve in this direction. - **Intelligence Integration:** With AI advancements, CNC systems will become increasingly intelligent. Features like adaptive control, expert systems for guidance, fault diagnosis, and intelligent servo drives will improve efficiency and reliability. **II. Necessity of Machine Tool CNC Transformation** From a micro-level perspective, CNC machine tools offer numerous advantages over traditional ones, including the ability to process complex shapes, automate operations, and achieve high precision. These benefits stem from the computational power embedded in CNC systems. At a macro level, industrialized nations have embraced CNC technology since the late 1970s and early 1980s, transforming traditional industries with IT. This shift has enhanced competitiveness in both military and civilian markets. China lags behind in this transformation, highlighting the urgent need for CNC upgrades. **III. Market for CNC Machine Tool Transformation** China has over 3.8 million machine tools, but only about 11.34 million are CNC-equipped, meaning less than 3% are numerically controlled. Most machines are outdated, leading to poor product quality and inefficiency. This underscores the importance of increasing the CNC ratio to boost competitiveness. Imported equipment and production lines also require transformation. Many projects fail due to poor maintenance or lack of software support. Revitalizing these assets can yield significant economic benefits. **IV. Contents and Advantages of CNC Transformation** CNC transformation involves restoring original functions, adding control systems, refurbishing mechanical parts, and upgrading technology. Benefits include reduced investment, stable performance, ease of operation, and the use of the latest control technologies. **V. Choosing a CNC System** There are three main types: open-loop step motor systems, closed-loop asynchronous/DC motor systems, and semi-closed-loop AC/DC servo systems. Selection depends on precision, motor power, and user requirements. **VI. Main Mechanical Components in CNC Transformation** Key components include guides, gear pairs, lead screws, and safety measures. These must be upgraded to meet CNC standards, ensuring accuracy and reliability. **VII. Main Steps in CNC Transformation** Steps include planning, technical preparation, implementation, and post-transformation checks. Proper planning and training are essential for successful outcomes. **VIII. Examples of CNC Transformations** Several case studies illustrate successful transformations, such as converting X53 milling machines and C6140 lathes using Siemens and GSK systems. These examples show how CNC upgrades improve performance and precision. **IX. Problems and Suggestions in CNC Transformation** Common issues include unclear responsibilities, unstructured plans, and inadequate training. Solutions involve clear roles, skilled personnel, and comprehensive training programs. Overall, CNC transformation is vital for modern manufacturing, enhancing productivity, precision, and competitiveness. Continuous improvement and proper implementation are key to long-term success.

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