Check the color of the soil. Fertile soil tends to be darker in color, while poor soil appears lighter. This is often a good first indicator of soil quality and nutrient content.

Next, examine the depth of the soil layer. Fertile soil usually has a depth of more than 60 cm, allowing for better root development and water retention. In contrast, lean soil is typically shallow, limiting plant growth and water storage capacity.

Third, assess the soil's suitability for farming. Loose, well-aerated soil is easy to till and work with, making it ideal for planting. On the other hand, thin or compacted soil requires more effort to cultivate and may not support healthy plant growth.

Fourth, look at the soil's texture and cracking patterns. Fertile soil tends to remain smooth and doesn't become overly muddy when wet. It also develops numerous small cracks as it dries. Lean soil, however, becomes easily compacted and muddy, with fewer and larger cracks.

Fifth, test the soil’s water retention. When water is poured on fertile loam, it seeps in slowly and can be retained for up to 6–7 days. In contrast, poor soil either doesn’t absorb water well or allows it to run off quickly through cracks.

Sixth, observe the water quality. If the water feels sticky or creamy underfoot, especially after walking on it, it may indicate rich, fertile soil. Conversely, if the water is clear and lacks viscosity, and doesn’t produce bubbles or only forms weak ones, it could signal poor soil quality.

Seventh, check for night tides. Fertile soil often shows signs of moisture movement during the night, remaining moist and soft even after drying out during the day. Poor soil, however, tends to harden quickly and lose its moisture more rapidly.

Eighth, evaluate the soil’s ability to retain nutrients. Fertile soil maintains its fertility over time, supporting long-term plant growth. Soils that are naturally rich or have high organic matter content are considered highly fertile.

Ninth, observe the types of plants growing in the soil. The presence of plants like red amaranth, goosegrass, and valerian indicates loamy, fertile soil. On the other hand, the dominance of long-grass species such as hairy grass, Bermuda grass, three-leaf rush, wild orchids, and wild onions suggests a less fertile, lean soil.

Tenth, look for signs of animal activity. The presence of snails, mud eels, cockroaches, and large grasshoppers often indicates fertile soil. Meanwhile, the dominance of small or large ants may point to a less fertile or depleted soil environment.

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